ABSTRACT
Objective: In this study we planned to investigate the relationship between presence of kidney stones and stone burden with hypertension [HT], diabetes mellitus [DM] and body mass index [BMI]. Methods: A total of 574 patients were included in the study. None of the patients had a history of stones. The 121 patients with kidney stone identified on ultrasound evaluation and the 453 patients with no stones were compared in terms of HT, BMI and DM. The stone burden of 121 patients with diagnosed stones was compared in terms of the same variables. Results: Of the 121 patients with kidney stones 30 [24.7%] had HT, while 66 [14.5%] of the 453 patients without stones had HT [p=0.007]. BMI values of those with and without stones were 27.2 +/- 4.93 kg/m2 and 25.29 +/- 4.12 kg/m2, respectively [p<0.001]. Twenty-five [20.6%] of the patients with stones diagnosed by ultrasound had DM, while 49 [10.8%] of those without stones had DM [p=0.004]. When comparing patients with and without kidney stones, logistic regression analysis revealed that DM [odds ratio [OR] 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17 to 3.63, p=0.013] and BMI [OR 1.08, CI 1.03 to 1.13, p=0.003] were independently associated with presence of stones. No significant relationship was found between the same variables and cumulative stone diameter [CSD] and stone surface area [SA] evaluated for stone burden. Conclusions: While diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and increased Body Mass Index may add to the possibility of stone formation, they did not affect stone burden
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Urinary incontinence is one of the major urinary symptoms in children and adolescents and can lead to major distress for the affected children and their parents. In accordance with the definitions of the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society, daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) is uncontrollable leakage of urine during the day. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of DUI in Turkish primary school children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The questionnaire, which covered sociodemographic variables and the voiding habits of the children, was completed by the parents of 2,353 children who were attending primary school in Denizli, a developing city of Turkey. The children's voiding habits were evaluated by use of the Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Symptoms Score, which is a validated questionnaire. Children with a history of neurological or urological diseases were excluded. RESULTS: The participation rate was 91.9% (2,164 people). The overall prevalence of DUI was 8.0%. The incidence of DUI tended to decrease with increasing age and was not significantly different between genders (boys, 8.8%; girls, 7.3%; p=0.062). Age, maternal education level, family history of daytime wetting, settlement (urban/rural), history of constipation, urinary tract infection, and urgency were independent risk factors of DUI. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that DUI is a common health problem in primary school children. In an effort to increase awareness of children's voiding problems and the risk factors for urinary dysfunction in the population, educational programs and larger school-based screening should be carried out, especially in regions with low socioeconomic status.